Individual human identity Essay Example for Free

Individual human identity EssayIt also means that immenseness of social class decreasing, but instead of class the role of status increased rapidly. For instance to usher status quite a little buy expensive cars and exclusive clothes. Differences in social classes could influence personal identity, because identity related to social groups to which the identity belongs, for employment field of studyity, culture, ethnicity, sexuality, gender and class. First of all identity is a mind of self that develops as the child differentiates from parents and family and take a place in society (Jary and Jary, 1991p665). Identity also formed through some combinations of individual filling and structured group membership (for example in Arab countries Muslim women cant drive the car). In additional, people could express their aspects of identity in a different way. For example garments, which clothes choose to wear to show gender, post modernism or class language, which words to use when people speak with fiends to show class, educational background and gender. It is goes without saying that even though class no yearlong exists, but we could easily identify persons class, status and possessions from their clothing and way of behaving.The principle of the identity is closely linked to the idea of culture. As I have already mentioned identities could also be formed through the cultures to which people belong to. Culture is the language, beliefs, values and norms, customs, dress, diet, roles, knowledge and skills which make up the way of life of an individual society (Ralph Linton, 1945). For example norms and diet, in the UK at 17 oclock most people have their couple of tea. Culture includes ascertaining and learning such process like socialization. We gain our identity through socialisation. socialising is the process by which we, as individuals, bring about members of our society or culture. We are also active participants in this process we decide what to accept or reject. growth of learning culture or socialization includes family, school, peer, media and religion. For example family, your parents give you name, premier beliefs and tastes school, teaches person rules and gives knowledge religion, teach people to appreciate some values peers, teach person how to socialize media, gives people ideas about gender, status and class.Modern sociologists also think that being of a different class may involve differences in culture, economic circumstances, educational status, dietary preferences, housing conditions, property ownership and power. For example, differences in culture, people who are from middle and upper middle class in surplus time visit museums and theatres, whereas working class visits pubs. One of the important factors in peoples culture and identity is social mobility, the ability to move from one class to another. For example, lamentable from the working to the middle class.Nowadays class, gender, sex, race and kins hip have less influence on human identity. It is becoming more important humans talent, knowledge, ambition and hard working abilities for achieving a good position in the class system. World sociology has changed greatly, beginning of the XXI centuries gave to the UK a lot of new. New national socio economic classifying statistics (NS SEC), which replaced Registrar Generals classification. New sociologists have another view on dividing society into social classes.For instance class has been defined consisted of eight major classes. The first four is middle class, which include higher managerial and professional occupations, lower, intermediate occupations, small employers and own account workers. The other four is manual workers, including lower supervisory and technical, semi routine occupations, routine occupations and never worked people. A big and new tendency had happened in modern Britain the number of manual workers declines year by year.If for example in 1911 a percenta ge of manual workers was about 81%, in the year 2000 this percentage twice declined and become about 40% of total workforce. This become possible first of all because of developing new technologies technique makes most manual work. Secondly because of changing of economical situation such as change magnitude life standards and education system. Traditionally social classes have been the main concept for understanding society, its behaviour or social conflicts, and predict the main movements of social behavior. directlys sociologists in developed countries see classes like a historical phenomenon. The same view on social classes has Pakulski and Waters. They thought that class is no longer important factor in a human identity. According to Pakulski, we could pick out four main features such as cultuaralism, fragmentation, autonomization and resignification. For instance autonomization, which means that todays people are not told what to do, they do what makes sense to them. For exa mple, British working class is less likely to vote for the British Labour party than it once was.To sum up, in this essay we discussed the different aspects of inequalities we have seen that the UK is one of the most unequal societies. Inequalities of wealth, which means that one tenth of the UK population owns more than lxx percent of total wealth. Inequalities of income are significant, but welfare policy of the government such as taxation does have a huge effect in reducing the incomes between rich and poor. Finally, because of the government policy and developing new technologies, class has lost its power in the collective sense, however class would lock remain fundamental to culture and human.

Egypt’s pyramid Essay Example for Free

Egypts profit EssayEgypt one of the earliest civilization is a nation coldcock with rich culture and impost, the profits being is a witness to their grandeur. Egypts pyramid is one of their pride it depicts the power and glory of those ancient rulers and their influence. The pyramids brilliance is known to both individual but little of us knew how the pyramids were erected, what form of as well asls where used, how did they conduct the calculations considering that every angle of the triangle is perpendicular with each separate, and what does the earliest pyramids look uniform. The Egyptian pyramid certainly has origin, how did they polish such wondrous creation and why pyramids commute in sizes. What is the underlying principle in building such tomb. some(prenominal) studies were conducted in unleashing this pyramids enigma, yet nigh still was a mystery. The Pyramids of Egypt is distinct from among the wonders of the world. It has its certain characteristics, incompa rable in magnitude, not only that it is the oldest man made creation from among the wonders of the world it conceals legion(predicate) historical records, the pyramid being is the door to unlock the secrets of Egypts antiquity.We lose already uncover some few material things on Egypts massive forgotten past, but that is only a part of the larger feature of Egypt. The pyramids cod in it some several encryptions which convey us about their tradition and belief in magical spells and hymns written in hieroglyphics form. It depicts the journey of the pharaohs in the afterlife. This compilation of hieroglyphics is called the Pyramid Texts. Aside from the ancient texts carved within the walls of the pyramids, pyramids also vary from each other on the physical aspect, such as its structure, its height and designs.The Pyramid of Cheops and Cephren is one significant example. We have witnessed in the records of history how ancient slew revere much the final resting place of their loved ones. Similarly, in Egypt the pyramids are one of the most important objects conveying their belief in the afterlife. The pyramids that we used to have now only belongs to the greatest ruler of Egypt hence the Great Pyramids of Egypt, no(prenominal) of the pyramids ever survived that belong to other least rulers during the ancient time.Not only that the pyramids assimilate attraction on its concealed past, through the pyramids, some scientists dig the scientific engineering used at the time when the pyramid was built. It is genuine worked made by a brilliant mind. These are among the content of this paper. Based from previous researches, we go away have to draw a general conclusion that will help manage this problem. Body The Pyramids. Unlike many other temples that served as a house for the living, the pyramid serves as the eternal resting place of Egyptian kings and queens dead body and also a place for religious activity.According to ancient Egyptian belief, the pyramid where the mummy was placed provides for the monarch to pass the afterlife. The rulers body was guardedly treated and wrapped to preserve it as a mummy. To pray for the soul of the dead ruler, the priests in nearby temples performed religious rituals in order to nourish the spirit, it is believed that the when the ruler died, the spirit remains to the body right after death. The Pyramid Texts were written in the walls of the pyramid to safeguard the soul during its journey.In the Egyptian Old great powerdom, most kings and queens draft for a design of their tomb usually with complicated structure made up of large stone and blocks. Yet probably because the materials were too costly, the size and quality of built pyramids decreased. In the Middle Kingdom, the Egyptians build pyramids out of mud brick. In the tradition, all pyramids were aligned to the cardinal directions which refer to the north-south and east-west location. Most pyramids were launch in the desert plateaus on the west ba nk of the Nile River where the sun sets.According to belief, the dead monarchs spirit will left the body and shall plump through the sky with the sun each day. When the sun will set in the west, the spirit will now settle into their tomb to renew their selves. timber Pyramid at Saqqara. Before the pyramids, the pharaohs were buried in tombs called the mastabas. It is a big, roofed, square building with walls that sloped gently inward. In the center of the building, a deep stroke was cut to which the burial chamber is located. There they stored the pharaohs significant possessions.In building the mastabas (bench), the pharaoh needed much worker to work for his project. When there is dearth of workers, he send out word to all his governors from different provinces. The governors in turn will send the word to every town and village and farmers from all over Egypt in order to come and work for the pharaohs project. The earliest known pyramid is the pyramid of King Djoser (Zoser) of the third dynasty. It was build with a large steps like six mastabas stacked one on the top of the other looking like a rectangular wedding cake with six layers.Other pharaohs after him design their own pyramids trying to furnish a better pyramid than that of Djoser. Djoser Step Pyramid architecture was Imhotep. He commissioned a judicatory official to design and build him a unique burial tomb. Accordingly, the building of the pyramid required two things which had never been done before the first was provided by a pacified and united country while for the second a unique human genius was required, (Mendelssohn, 1979). Imhotep has advantage to this.Although he is not of royal blood, his official denomination as a purely self-made man was Chancellor of the King of Lower Egypt, First after the King of Upper Egypt, Administrator of the Great Palace, patrimonial Nobleman, High Priest of the Heliopolis, Builder, Sculptor and Maker of Vases in Chief, and he was an engineer before the w ord ever existed (Thomas, 2005). Imhotep brilliancy was praised by many nimble minds during his time. He developed and controlled the logistics and persuades a group of thousands of men into a well-organized workforce capable of producing suppose to be the worlds tallest pyramid by a factor of twenty.Imhotep has long solved the problems such as the balance of the lateral forces in the gigantic pyramidal weight while pressing down on a square base. To address the problem, his ma give-and-takes slanted the inner stones of Zosers pyramid towards the apex to help balance it out. This designed is considered as grossly overlooked with the induction of Meidum pyramid. (Ibid. ). Nevertheless, Imhoteps step pyramid was the first stone structure in the history and is the oldest surviving pyramid today.Several nature factors affect the pyramids brilliance, but none of it had overcome the clarity of mind of Imhotep. The fact that his structure stand today is a clear indication that he had ov ercome natures ever-changing environment. Yet Imhotep brilliancy is almost trivial, we had little information on his intelligence and none of the records ever survived in justification of his eminence. Meidum Pyramid. The Meidum pyramid was introduced in the year 2600 BC. It is in the shape of tetrahedron. It started as a step pyramid with inward leaning walls and eight levels.The pyramid construction at Meidum became unsuccessful because there is probably wanting(p) in the design of the pyramid. The interior support of the pyramid partially was collapsed and massive rubble mounds were found beneath the base of the pyramid. Bent Pyramid. After the failure of the Meidum Pyramid, King Sneferu, the father of Khufu started designing his pyramid. He actually started with the Meidum pyramid but for unknown reasons he moved his burial chamber north to Dashur, at the Giza Plateau with a different design. The foundation of the pyramid was a big flat area of limestone bedrock.Also as an adva ntage, in the nearby area there was a limestone quarry, a place where they could cut two to three ton limestone block to be used in building the pyramid. His pyramid was made of stone blocks leaning inward. In constructing the base of the pyramid, the stone cutters leveled the foundation of the pyramid providing indications as to where the pyramid would be located. The sun and the stars serve as their guiding point to align the pyramid set about exactly towards the four cardinals, the north, south, east and west. They aimed at leveling the sides of the pyramid equal to all angles.Each of the side using groundbreaking measurements is 755 feet and 8 inches long the length is less than two inches of the four sides. However, during the construction of the pyramid, the weight of the upper portion started to inflate causing the pyramid to be not in proportion. It had slowly deteriorate the weight and angle of the stones where much heavier than in its base. To address the problem, the builders put up an outer supporting wall cutting off the 60 degrees angle to 55 degrees. The upper portion is only 43 degrees. This is where the pyramid got his name, the Bent Pyramid.During the construction, the architects tried to polish their work by applying what they have learned in building the bent-grass pyramid. They must have laid down swimming layers of larger stone and blocks. In order to vindicate their erroneous design, they construct again another giant pyramid for Sneferu called the North Pyramid. Sneferu returned to Meidum and refined the Meidum pyramid by adding outer level using new approach in constructing it. Sneferus new technique someways became successful. His new technique became the foundation of the 4th dynasty pyramids and the Great Pyramid at Giza. Indeed, something did.Imhoteps buttresses, while always at the base step pyramid of other true pyramids, were not extended to include the buttressing of the structurally significant outer casing. Pyramids bui lt later than Meidum demonstrate this slanting of the outer casing. (Thomas, 2005) Khufus Pyramid. The proliferation of pyramid gradually decline in the 5th dynasty when irregularities seem to pervade in the whole kingdom of Egypt. Perhaps, one significant attribute of the so called chaotic bound in Egypt called the First Intermediate Period is crossing the alley of yore to the Middle Period where new techniques and materials were applied.Parallel to it, when the building of pyramid was once restored, the pyramids beauty was converted into gross physical appearance to lucidity. Khufu, son of King Sneferu becomes pharaoh. To build a legacy on the surface of the Earth, he set out to design the largest pyramid. Sneferus three pyramids laid new important techniques in maintaining Khufus pyramid throughout the time. That is to build a pyramid with a solid stone foundation. In onset of the pyramids construction, Khufu ordered his governors to seek workers out of forty-two towns of Egypt. He require ten working men or boys each town to accomplish his ambitious pyramid. During Khufus reign, there are some speculations that massive slave workers were forced to work in building the pyramid. However in Herodotus report, the workers were not compelled to work for the pyramid. In contrary to his statement, he said however that there is dearth of workers, thus some forcible action is impliedly conducted. There was no account yet being surfaced to warrant the situation. Accordingly, most of the men were proud to work for Khufu there is so much honor in building the eternal post of the god-king.Men formed into 20-30 teams and also have given their teams a name such as Khufu is Bright. Evidences lie in the hidden parts of the pyramids where modern archaeologists have found them. The construction of the pyramid began. The base forms a nearly perfect square having 19-cm. This huge square is almost exactly leveled out. In the shopping centre of the pyramid, it probably has a h ill of unexcavated rubble making it difficult to determine the exact number of blocks. According to research, the Great Pyramids blocks are estimated to 2. 3 millions of blocks having an average weight of 2.5 metric tons. Hundreds of men worked for quarrying, moving, setting and sculpting the huge amount of stone used to build the Great Pyramid. A total of 25, 000 men and women worked in the construction site for a couple of years. According to one account, there were no slaves who worked in finishing the project. Most probably were farmers, architects, masons, metal workers and carpenters. The architects of Khufu selected a site in Giza on surface of bedrock not sand which will provide a steady foundation. The workers lower the stones in a horizontal level, on one top of the other.The stone used in the interior area was out of quarried blocks in the south of the construction site. The exterior part which is all right finished was out of white limestone quarried across the Nile Riv er. To transport the materials, the workers have to cut the limestone and transported by a river barge to Giza. The rest of the materials were used in building edifices in Cairo. Dating from the earlier failure of the architects, they had failed to recognize the symmetry of the stones placed on top of the other. Khufus pyramid however applied the rule on symmetry.Workers have marked all the blocks indicating the angle of the pyramid wall and trimmed the surfaces so that all blocks will fit together. On the sides of the pyramid, workers built large ramps to help pulling their materials to the sides of the structure. Those ramps being used were probably of desert clay mixed with water tighten by limestone debris leftover from the construction work. The final exterior configuration f the pyramid is the installation of the pyramidion or the cap stone of the pyramid. In order to reveal the full majestic view of the pyramid, workers must dismantle the ramps on the surface of the pyramid .Thereafter, the pyramid had displayed its real beauty. For the interior part of the pyramid, it is compose of complex chambers where a series of passages will lead to master chamber where the body of the King shall be placed. The pyramids entrance is about 17 m intended to be used during Khufus funeral. The entrance of the pyramid will likely lead you to the Descending Passage and shall reach the Subterranean Chamber. The Descending Chamber is intersected with the Ascending Passage. The Ascending Passage is the conduit to Queens Chamber as so called by the Arabs.But according to some archaeologists, this is where the king statue is located representing his ka, his spirit. The Ascending Passage intersects with the Grand Gallery which housed some large stones used to stop up passages after the kings funeral. At the upper end of the Grand Gallery intersects to the Kings Chamber, a simple rectangular room covered entirely with red granite. Now, what remains is the granite sarcophagus of King Khufu buried near the western wall. Some portion of pyramids myriad passage was still mysterious. There are some pyramids that have satellite pyramids and queens pyramid.The satellite pyramids function is still unknown. Some argued that it must have contained the ka of the king. The queens pyramid was smaller indication of the kings pyramid intended to be a burial site for the kings principal wives. The two Great Pyramids beside Khufus pyramid belongs to Khafre and Menkaure, Khufus son and grandson. Other Great Pyramids. Other pyramids built with the same technique to that of the Khufus pyramid is the pyramids of Khafre and Menkaure. In the later years, the building of great pyramids began to decline when Egypts resources began to deplete.Several smaller pyramids were design by later rulers however in different location. There are also some smaller pyramids that serve as a burial site for queens and secondary wives of the kings. Later pyramids constructed were the pyramid o f Djedefre at Abu Rawash, the pyramid of Sahure at Abu Sir, the pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai at Abu Sir, the pyramid of Nyuserre Ini ate Abu Sir, the pyramid of Amenemhet I at Lisht, the pyramid of Senusret I and Senusret II at Lisht and the pyramid of Amenemhet III ate Hawara.

Health And Social Care Personal Statement

Health And Social Care Personal StatementDue to previous experiences of consorting with a range of bulk in the wield vault of heaven I believe that through bulge out my epoch on various shape placements with people who get hold of disabilities and difficulties in communicating, along with the experiences gained throughout my studies, my wish to conform to a complainter in the care profession has grown.To still my interest in give waying with and around people I completed a soma in childcare.Throughout this course I was able to gain valuable experience of working with special needs children. While this was very challenging I also found it an extremely rewarding and enjoyable experience. To further my knowledge and passion for working with people I took a health and favorable care advanced course and took a weeks experience in a day center that involves working with people who suffer from difficulties in communicating and having disabilities. This again dished to prolong my understanding of working with people and also how to deal with children and adults with disabilities.Within my spare time I have researched the job role and requirements for health promotion to bechance out what is involved. To build upon these interests further, I am taking up a one week work experience within the health field. I depart be spending the first week in a care home focusing on helping elderly people that suffer from hallucination and my second week assisting a health promoter to experience a more professional job role in health care. I am looking forward to this valuable experience as it impart further consolidate my desire to study health and sociable care.I currently work as a sales assist which has given me a valuable experience of working with people and how to assist their needs in any vogue possible. During this time I am developing effective communication skills and superb working relationships. In addition to this it is also helping me to show how co mmitted I am to my responsibilities as well as demonstrating good organisation skills. Having to juggle work and schooldays as well as social activities this also shows that I am developing my time keeping skills to make myself more committed and more punctual.During my first year of sixth form I helped to raise bills for the McMillan Cancer trust charity. I also found this very rewarding as I was helping others that were in need, just like during my work placements. I often play sports after sixth form with my friends this has helped me to develop extra skills in working well in a team. In addition I have completed voluntary work with a year six class to increase my knowledge of working with young people, another activity that I very much enjoyed and found extremely rewarding. To further my interest in working with people I have recently volunteered to do a take aim 3 v-volunteering in my spare time, the certificate itself is an accreditation form Newcastle University. During m y spare time I mainly like to dance and sing. I find this is a good way to express myself in addition to help me keep fit. I also attend the gym often to also help keep me fit. I also like to attend various different sluicets and take advantage of any activities that I am offered whether it is through school or outside of school. This helps to increase my confidence and also helps me to meet new people.I feel that university is definitely the right path for me. I am always working extremely embarrassing to achieve the best I can, a feat which I intend to carry on throughout my university years. I feel I have the incumbent skills needed to enjoy university to the full and also be winnerful in future years. In addition I would also like to go to university to help develop my skills even further so I can gain a good job in the health and social care sector which is always my main interest.Social Work Personal StatementI have decided to take up the course in social work because first ly the subjects which I am doing sociology looks at people and societys problems, I have in this subject done work on family and at the moment doing religion, this has fascinate me to help people who are facing problems such as abuse in families. Secondly I have done own(prenominal) study on this subject which I have enjoyed reading around in periodicals and journals which had fuelled my interest in gaining a more depth knowledge of working with different lineament of people and their problems. Thirdly I would like to take up a course which fascinates me and in which I will determined me too succeed and the contend of working to deadlinesWhilst in the sixth form I have been involved in a scheme which aimed to provide children entering school with a low-pitched reading age, with the help their required to improve their reading levels. I also at in my private time tend to go to old people house who are disabled because one of my close relative is there also this house is opposite my house so I go in and talk to different people and talk or play games with them. This is another reason why I want to do this course because I have some experience of what I will be facing in this course, it wont be shock to me at first time round because I know in social work you get people who are hard to handle especially youngstersMy part time job which is shop assistant helped develop my understanding of responsibility and has given me increased confidence also enabled me to act initiatively with dealing with unexpected problems and has helped to develop my communication skills . Working with the children in school has improved my interpersonal skills so that I can now work with children who can be awkward sometimes without any problemsAs an individual I like keeping fit which I have a gym in my house, I also like listening to music and going out with mates which provides me a different environment from college and work, this gives me an opportunity to make new friend and me et new people. I also in my part time help my younger brother and sister with their homework or I sometimes learn from my mum how to sew clothesAs an applicant, I will bring with me an enthusiasm and motivation for this subject. My ethics background and cultural awareness should allow me to become and integrated yet individual of a university member in an increasingly cosmopolitan society.Personal Statements the Good, the Bad and the UglyPersonal statements with positive impactAfter I was made redundant, I decided to become a support worker. This was because I had been volunteering for several years in the Youth Service, working with young people at risk of offending. I got a job in a special needs school where I supported pupils on an individual basis. I needed to develop a good relationship with from each one pupil and to adapt my communication to their special needs. An example is how I worked with a boy who was afraid of the doctor ( describes her intervention and outcome). Wor king in this field for terce years has encouraged me to tackle an Access course I have learnt the theory of communication and can see why I was successful in my work with school students. I would like to develop my skills and knowledge further by studying for a social work degree.Skills I had gained as a support worker were needed when my father was diagnosed with dementia. I had always relied on his support and found that I had to be reliable and useful for him without letting my emotions master me.I am currently working as a support worker in a multi-disciplinary community mental health team. Although I work mostly with the OTs I have a good opportunity to get an overview of the other professions including social work. I have worked together with social workers in the team to support vulnerable people in the community and particularly like the wider perspective they bring to their work such as involving carers.I have worked in the substance misuse field for 5 years and have unde rtaken NVQ3.I have been offered the post of manager in the service I work in only when thinking about my own development needs , I now want to train as a social worker to gain a wider experience of working with vulnerable adults and children.I am a nursery nurse and wanted to take my interest in child protection further by studying OU courses on health and social care.Statements with Limited ImpactI have always been passionate about care , becoming a social worker would allow me to fulfil my ambitionsI have been employed as a carer for 6 years. I enjoy my job and the experience. This has been excellent for my personal skills as I have to talk to people like the elderly.I believe my personal drive is a key factor in my success as manager in a care home and I would be an asset to your degree.Working as a support worker inwardness that I have learnt skills in communication and team work. (No further discussion of these points)Lengthy exposition of previous employment in various retai l and selling companies, paragraph ending with The work experience linked to social work was a six week placement in day centre where I helped escort the old people home. No further discussion of what person learnt from this, what impact it had on decision to apply to train as a social worker.Having gained an NVQ 3 in health and social care and with vast experience in paid and voluntary work, I want to further my career by studying for a professional social work qualification .. (then follows list of all the service user groups applicant has worked with) in all these my skills in prioritising my workload, brush deadlines , time management and team working has improved enormously. No evidence given to demonstrate this statement.Other statements contain very general comments on social work such as A social workers vocation is very complex and more than interpreting the problem and assisting people find a solution. It involves methods, theories and ethics. in that location is a d anger that these types of generalised comment are either from websites or books and articles which are not referenced plagiarism can rear its head even before some applicants have started their academic career

Business operational plan of Apple Inc

Business operational mean of apple Inc apple Inc. designs manufactures and markets the ain calculating machines along with early(a)wise mobile communication services, music and digital players. It alike provides hardw ar, softw ar and networks solutions and peripherals. orchard apple tree Inc. sells its products throughout the world on its retail stores, online stores, through the third party wholesalers and its direct sales force. It similarly deals with the variety of Macintosh i.e. iPhone iPod and so forth It provides the services of the complete softw atomic number 18 solutions on its iTunes stores. Its consumers are those who purchase its products directly, enterprises, educator and governments. This connection is California based and founded in 1977. It has capability to design and manufacture its let direct system of rules.Business operational plan of apple Inc.Strategic plan sets up the line of descent plan of a compevery plot of ground tune plan in turn esta blishes the argumentation operation plan. Operational plan is the key to run the entire business of company. Operational business plan covers the all areas of company including the finance, manufacturing, internet, operations, RD, human resources and marketing. apple Inc. was known because of its lenient business thinking. orchard apple tree Inc. has the design, marketing and manufacturing services. Company develops designs and markets the musical players with fundamental accessories. The business of Apple Inc. is coifd on geographic basis. in that location are five operating segments of Apple Inc. such as America, Europe, Japan, retail and others. In US, Canada, UK and Japan Apple owned stores are currently operating.Like other placements Apple Inc. all the surgical incisions are formed by the placing the similar functions in the groups. As described before the main divisions of Apple Inc. human resource, finance, marketing and productions are pick out by the functional appr oach. In each division the functional subsystem and departments create hierarchies. Operational commission is linked with the production divisions activities.The people in Apple Inc. are grouped together on the basis of their expertise and resources. It enabled the Apple Inc. to l shit from its functions. The present structure in Apple Inc. has focused upon those activities which reduce the cost and increase the flexibility in its operations. The managers in Apple Inc. have a greater control of the organizational activities and avoiding the tall and other several hierarchies. A proportional flat structure of the Apple Inc. has decentralized the authorities and responsibilities of its management. The managers and employees at lower levels are encouraged to take part in fostering the companys strengths. The advantages of decentralization are numerous i.e. enhancing the planning, decision making and control processes. Apple Inc. has focused on its marketing operations on the major bu siness areas like iPod and iTunes. The marketing department shows a great responsiveness to the outside world.The finance treasury division of Apple Inc. provides the financial policy to company. This department is responsible to applyle the international smashing transactions of company, liquidity guaranteeing and risk management. In Apple Inc. the role of the financial manager is crucial for the strategic management. The capital required for the RD is raised by the pay division which maintains the insertion position of the Apple Inc. Internal occupations of Apple Inc. were in the form of the sale force accessing directly to corporations. Apple Inc. relied on the 300 manufactures while IBM had 6000 to 7000 direct salesman. However the Apple Inc. has focused to establish more sales staff. Many issues concerning to these sales person were noted regarding the prices of products. Apple Inc. has also marketing problem as it failed to communicate the Macintoshs business image in mark et. The fact that marketing strategy was not according to requirements and did not make it more famous in market it also did not focus upon the technology. Products are manufactured on the basis of clients needs. Apple Inc. needed the fundamental importance of getting close to market.Apple Inc. possessed the organizational structure which too had the management problems. The production and payload problems exist in Apple Inc. as the IBM its supplier experienced the manufacturing problems and delayed the shipment of various products. In a market the speedy delivery of products is critical. Due to the Apples key dependency on other companies put it at the competitive disadvantage. compassionate Resource in Apple Inc. has administrative tasks such as meetings, conferences, special projects and seeks the solution for the fast paced store environment.Discuss both the internal and extraneous factors that ditch on the business operations plan.Apple Inc. has faced the serious challenge s during the last 30 years but recovered from those serious situations with advent of innovation. Apple Inc. faces the little terror of ambition because of free services in market. A good business achieves the market share by creating damp legal services to customers. It so-and-so be compared with the bottle water which is better in quality as compared to tape water which is in approach of every person. However there is legal competition ahead in market. No company was successful to attach the market the before the Apple Inc. did so. Better service is directly related with the tender and better technology. Roxio was the first company which followed the Apple Inc. to produce the products on the concept iTunes Music Store. Sony and Microsoft are other big players of market to download the services. On the other hand Dell Computers are partnering with MusicMatch. Traditional retailers like Amazon and Wal-Mart have presented their own plans. Apple Inc. is facing the competition fro m these competitors and profiting the leading position in market. Copy rights issues are also concerned with Apple Inc. Apple Inc. faces the issues of jobs as a part of their system. Sales force for the direct access to corporation is required for the success of business operation plan. IBM has the direct salespeople more than 6000 while Apple Inc. relied only on the 300 manufacturers representatives. The reason behind the small number of sales force may be the selling Macintoshes at lower prices as compared to dealers (Brady, 1989).Economic Conditions Apple Inc.Economic conditions of world impact directly on the performance and financial results of Apple Inc. investor must not consider the historical trends for the future performance of Apple Inc. there are several reason behind this which pose the risks on business of Apple Inc. Uncertainty about the current global economic conditions are also posing threats because business could not continue due to tight credits, detrimental news about finance, decline in asset values. Apple Inc. sets the prices of its products to consolidate the Dollars value. Macroeconomic factors along with other factors affect Apples business operation plan. The demand can be influenced by the increase in prices of fuel and energy, condition of mortage real states markets, consumers confidence and health labour costs. These economic factors adversely affect the demand for companys product. It also affects the operating results and financial conditions of Apple Inc.Impacts of environmental and technological changes on the business plan of Apple Inc.Apple Inc. has do efforts to satisfy its stakeholders in various ways. It include all the environmental issues for its corporate governance. It has satisfied the employees, local communities and general public by minimizing the environmental impacts on its entire business operations integrated the healthful environmental, safety management and health practices. The environmental missio n statement of Apple Inc. has integrated all above mentioned practices into all business operations to ensure that it offers technologically innovative products. Apple Inc. aims to communicate on the policy which provides the benefits of environmental consciousness, safety maximization, energy efficiency and health protection to its various stakeholders. In the HRM objectives Apple Inc. has adopted the strategies because of the consumers preferences as the external environmental force. The HRM of Apple Inc. has established the partnership agreements to keep the trust and fairness. The recruitment policy of the HRM is modified in the ways to adapt the external changes in environment. Therefore the higher number of skilled staff is recruited in the area of web developing web is considered a preferred medium for the technology professionals for applications. A positive work environment has proved that Apple Inc. is outstanding for the visionary products. The organizational competency of Apple Inc. is increased by the HRM. Apple the Inc. is in an exclusive position. It has produced both software and computer hardware it cannot be analyzed only the PC manufacturing company. It is also providing the software solutions, server producer and online contents.Technology AdvancementThe changes in technology has affected the barriers of entry and impacted the business operations of Apple Inc. The changes in digital music industry are working now on common format to make them available for the music players. The reason behind the limiting the download contents is to de statusine the users acceptance of Apples product. Bundle of solutions are provided by the Apple Inc. with refined and good products. By providing high quality products to end users the technology sector is making changes rapidly. These are the diversified efforts which Apple Inc. keeps its design and innovation more focused with the use of best performance and prices according to the external and internal en vironmental changes. Due to its distinctive competencies like product design, innovation, educational skills and digital entertainment company has acted as a leader in the digital lifestyle. Apple Inc. has used its strengths for the purposes of creativity, technological development and innovation. It has gained competitive advantage over other companies in the industry because it offers multiple products with lower values. Organizational structure and control system of Apple Inc. improved the information and knowledge availability. For the Apple Inc innovation and technology are the key driving forces of its mission and strategy (Morden, 1993). For the effective operation management system IT is a driving factor and management information system is the basic requirement for the strategic development. Efficiency of operation management is improved by the use of IT as it increases the quality and availability of information and leads to cost salvage (Ibid, 1993). Apple Inc. is using the SAP and ERPs systems to speed up the customers orders. Apple Inc. has implemented the i2 technologies (www.industryweek.com/currentarticles).Importance of good business operations planning to the overall success of the business at Apple Inc.Apple Inc. has many another(prenominal) successful factors that determine its success in key areas of the operations. An consequential factor that is apparent is about the vision of the organization. It is align that creative energy always begins with vision. These organizations impact significantly on the world (Collins Porras, 2004). Apple has a very clear and purposeful vision which can be seen through the innovative products for the last many years (Senge, 2006). The main purpose of the Apple Inc. was to develop the computers for the world and making contribution to the world by its keep technology products. Beside this vision Apple Inc. takes further ill-uses of actions which are practiced throughout the organization. In the Apple Inc. employees were able to lay the foundations to achieve the long term goals. They were able to start the business at small scale and contributed at a higher level. The company acted upon the Kotters model and understood the potential uses. The success of the Apple Inc. is attributed to the capability of the company making refinements and building the more powerful products. The company has changed the core nature of the business. The Apple Inc. innovated the (GUI), file folder and desk discharge metaphor. Kotters 7th step manifests by using the credibility to make changes in system, policies and structures (Kotter, 2007). Apple uses the core competencies which the employees have acquired through redefining the market segmentation. Apple has met many successes and overcome the challenges. Apple Inc. has made changes and implemented new policies because of changing trends of computer markets.Apple Inc. is a computer technology which is best known due to its innovative structure. It is focusing upon the production of personal computers. In the advent of evolving technology it has shifted into the electronic market. Apple Inc. operates its business in more than 170 retail stores in US, Japan, UK and Canada. It has produced more friendly computers for the consumers. All of the achievements at Apple Inc. are attained through the people who design and develop the products and staff at the retail stores. Why is the business operation plan important at Apple Inc? This business operation plan is important because it generates the steady increasing revenues and sending its products in the big markets of the world. Due to its good leadership the Apple Inc. achieved the high profile. Three manufacturing facilities are shaping the foreign operation in countries like Ireland and Singapore. Due to its internal strengths and successful business operation Apple Inc. has break down a competitive company. It has footed in the computer market with an innovative style in the co mputer market. It production system is well handled as the operating system is free of all tangles of the Microsoft operating systems. In the physical appearance, usability and specifications it has given a large degree of control to company. Apple Inc. encourages the RD environment and constantly purgative the products as seen in the latest Mac mini and iPod. It has made the Apple Inc. a big innovative company and brings the creative and new ideas in the computer market.Capital Structure Corporate policy has yielded good results. Apple has paid all the debts which suggested that desired operations of company and growth of company by rightfulness and not by the debt.Managerial qualities and resources necessary for effective business operation planningThe issues in quality of products attracted the attention of business. The management concept is rendered by the swing of successful entrepreneurship. Top managers are committed to make decisions before communicating fully with all t hose who are involved in it. When subordinates ask for the decision the top managers think about the organizational response towards the decision for strategic plan. Ways of decision making enhance the business operations and credibility throughout the organization Apple Inc. People love to purchase the products of Apple Inc. because of power, easier way to use and reliability. The business managers at Apple Inc. ensure the delivery of the products to companies according to their requirements. Business customer contacts the business managers and long term relationships are established between them (http//www.apple.com/jobs/us/retail.htmlbusiness). Apple Inc. management has the ability to sell its products having no supply chain system. It earn the revenue by the selling the iPod devices and Mac computers. Its iTunes virtual stores are generating the revenue more than $ 1 billion every year (David, 2010, p 72). The managers at Apple Inc. face the incentives of using the strategies to control the earnings in many traded companies. The managers are allowed to purchase the stocks. In this way the staff at Apple Inc. is encouraged (www.sec.gov). The management system of Apple Inc. has policies and procedures, responsibilities and roles of its managers. For example a best health management system is maintained by the concerned managers to ensure the safety and health of its employees. If any inadequacy is seen in this system then top managers adopt the corrective actions including the verification through audit processes. Apple procurement managers are responsible to manage the business relationship with suppliers and coordinate the Apples supplier responsibility auditor.Apple Inc. has five divisions to manage the products and marketing departments of the company. These five divisions are responsible to evaluation and manufacturing of the devices, software and hardware of computer system. The four house divisions also work to handle the marketing and post sale prod ucts. A new position of Chief Operation officer was created by Scully to centralize the operations and involving the senior management in the daily business decisions (Annual Report, 1988). Human Resource (HR) is responsible for the safeguarding the most valuable assets of the Apple Inc. It handles the many programs of the company to achieve the companys goals. Human resource at Apple Inc. is also responsible to reach at the needed resources. The Apple Inc. has six important cherished creation functions including the marketing, RD, finance, Human resource management, information systems and operations and logistics. The chain of activities required to transform the inputs into outputs are primarily concerned with actual design, manufacturing, delivery, marketing of products and customer support activities. The ultimate task of the RD resource at Apple Inc. includes the new innovation and use of technology which meet the customers requirements (Hill Jones, 2004). Information syste m at Apple Inc. is an important asset which provides the business assisting facility. For the success of the business operation plan the information system is a core to keep the business run online without any obstacles. separate valuable resources which have potential powers for the customers as well as the management at Apple Inc. include the servers which distribute the information about Apples products and create new internet resources for the mailing list, online feedback and further open the communication lines.From the above discussion it can be concluded that Apple Inc. is a well known development and business company of the world. Its success lies in its business operation plan which indeed depends upon the various necessary actions taken from the design of the product to sale of the product.

Motivation For Language Learning Among Libyan Students English Language Essay

Motivation For Language Learning Among Libyan Students position Language EssayThe pauperism to hire a unlike or second linguistic process is a subject of some consider open raise nowadays. This has not always been the case. In 1956, W wholey and Lambert believed that study an another(prenominal) language snarled verbal ability and intelligence but notions like motive, attitudes and anxiety were not considered to be of signifi potentiometerce. Opinions know since changed and one might occasionally think that affective variables ar the only influences worthy of consideration. Learning a foreign language can be a difficult and lengthy process and I would not be at all surprised to learn that several variables, so far not considered significant, were found to be of importance in second-language acquisition. Hitherto, research has concentrated on individual difference lark abouts of the student such as, language anxiety, attitudes and motivation, self-confidence, personality variables (e.g. risk-taking, desire to succeed, empathy and so on), intelligence, field independence, language encyclopaedism strategies, and language aptitude. However, there argon other variables and other classes of variables that could be considered. This essay lead focus on motivation, as I believe that many another(prenominal) of these other variables argon reliant on motivation for their effects to be realized. For example, language-learning strategies ar unlikely to be used if the savant is not incite to learn the second language and a apprentice will be disinclined to take risks using the second language if he / she has little intention of learning it. Therefore, motivation is crucial, in the same way that language aptitude is, in determining the success or otherwise of learning a foreign language in a classroom desexting. Ellis (1985) states that motivated individuals who merge some(prenominal) linguistic and non-linguistic outcomes of the learning experience w ill accomplish desirable attitudes and a higher degree of second-language proficiency.Recent years have seen an increase in the number of Libyan students coming to the UK to study for graduate(prenominal) degrees. A major issue for well-nigh of these students is their poor command of position, both verbal and written. This cancelly has a negative impact on their ability to integrate into life in England, both on and off campus. An examination of their motivation to learn English whitethorn highlight the linguistic challenges they face in England and the process of their adaptation to both their degree study and the new society and destination. Therefore, this essay will first start out a literature review to look at research carried out into motivation for second-language acquisition. It will then describe and examine adult Libyan students subservient and combinatorial motivation in learning English as a second language. Secondly, it will introduce a short semi-structured re ad/write head with postgraduate Libyan students who have not long been in the UK. The purpose of the interview is to establish whether their remainder orientation is mainly instrumental or combinatory. Some conclusions will be made forrader some implications for classroom statement are drawn.Literature Review gibe to Dornyei (2009), it is necessary to know what motivation is so as to advance the motivational intensity of students. He defines motivation as a cluster of factors that energize the behaviour and give it steerion. Alkinson (2000 123) defines motivation as the effort that learners put into learning a second language as a result of their inquires or desire to learn it.According to Gardner and Lambert (1972), there are deuce types of motivation integrative motivation and instrumental motivation. Gardner and Lambert (1972) state that integrative motivation occurs when learners are interested in learning about the second languages acculturation and involve to communic ate with speakers of that language and become integrated into that culture a more(prenominal) interpersonal quality of learning. On the other hand, Gardner (1996) states that instrumental motivation touchs to those students who learn a second language in order to gain some kind of advantage be it economic (better paid job) or social (better status). They are thus more practical and self-oriented. Lamp (2004) finds that most Libyan students who study English as a second language are instrumentally rather than integratively orientated.Dornyei Ushioda (2009 53) believe that integrative orientation is an essential source of motivation because it is based firmly in learners personalities. As such it is likely to exert its influence over an extended catch and to sustain learning efforts over the meter which is necessary to achieve language learning success. Also, Skehan (1989) purposes that being integratively oriented leads to grander motivation, which in turn helps to sustain the learner throughout the long process of mastering a second language, particularly when that learner only starts learning the new language in high school. subservient motivation on the other hand is less effective because it is not rooted in the learners personality. It is therefore more susceptible to negative external influences and the learner is less likely to put in the effort required to attain cumulative progress.According to Lamb (2004), over the last few years, motivation has hitherto been re judgmentlualised. He argues that integrative motivation is becoming increasingly unimportant in a globalizing world in which English is the medium of chat between speakers of many languages, from many cultures, for many purposes. The desire to integrate with the first language community hardly makes moxie anymore. Therefore, the debate about the integrative concept has intensified and has taken a new turn. Dornyei Ushioda (2009), ask whether we can apply the concept of integrative orientation when there is no specific designate reference group of speaker. In other words, does it makes sense to talk about integrative attitudes when ownership of English does not necessarily rest with a specific community of speaker, whether American English or British English? Moreover, does the notion of integrative motivation of learning English have any real soakeding, given the increasing curricular reframing of English as a universal basic skill to be taught from primary take alongside literacy and numeracy, and given the predicted decline in numbers of English as a foreign language learners by the end of this decade? These questions have led some second-language motivation researchers to rethink the concept of integrative motivation. Yashima (2002 57), for example, expands the notion of integrativeness to refer to a generalised foreign outlook or international mock up, which she defines with reference to Japanese learners of English who have an interest in foreign or international affairs, willingness to go overseas to stay or work, readiness to interact with intercultural patterns, and openness or a non-ethnocentric attitude toward unalike culture.Dornyei Ushioda (2009) expand this concept of international posture such that the external reference group moves from being a specific geographic and enthnolinguistic community to being a non-specific global community of English language users. Ushioda (2006) questions whether it is meaningful to conceptualise these points, i.e. is it meaningful to conceptualise the global community as an external reference group or as part of ones ingrained delegation of oneself as a defacto member of that global community?This theoretical shift of focus to the internal domain of self and identity by researchers such as those mentioned above makes this a radical rethink of the original integrative concept.Dornyei and Csizer (2002) speculate that the process of identification theorised to underpin integrativene ss might be better explained as an internal process of identification within the persons self-concept, rather than identification with an external reference group. Dornyei (2005 175) essential this idea move on by drawing on the psychological opening of possible selves. According to this theory, possible selves represent individuals ideas of what what they might become, what they would like to become, and what they afraid of becoming, and so provide a conceptual link between the self concept and motivation. Dornyei (2005) in like manner builds on this theory of possible selves to develop a new conceptualisation of second- language motivation, the second language motivational self-system. Its central concept is the idea of self, which refers to the representation of the attributes that someone would ideally like to possess (i.e. a representation of personal hopes, aspirations or desires).In relation to second-language motivation, Breen (2001) argues that second-language aquisitio n theorists have not developed a comprehensive theory of identity that integrates the language learners and the language-learning context. Breen (2001) uses the term identity to describe how a person understands his/her relationship to the world, how that relationship is constructed across time and space, and how the person understands possibilities for the future. Breen (2001 45) developed the motivational concept of investment to capture the socially and historically constructed relationship of the learner to the target language, and their often ambivalent desire to learn and practise it. When learners are interested in a language, they do so with the understanding that they will acquire a wider range of symbolic and material resources, which will enhance their culture capital, their identity and their desires for the future. Therefore, an investment in the target language is an investment in the learners own identity.Arnold (2002) proposed that in addition to the current research and theories, there is a need to draw on a wider variety of theoretical viewpoints in order to further our understanding of motivation in second-language learning. Of these, the more important ones that are relevant to this essay include the cognitive positioning of learner goal orientation, the theory of goal-setting and attributional theory, all of which will now be briefly discussed.Firstly, according to Pintrich (1989), the cognitive perspective differentiates two major learner goal orientations intrinsic and extrinsic. Students demonstrate an extrinsic orientation if their reasons for engaging in a task are to acquire grades, rewards, or approval from others.Conversely, Arnold (2000) maintains that if the rationale for students engaging in a task is curiosity, challenge, mastery, or learning, then they are considered to be intrinsically oriented. Arnold (2000) as well adds that there is much indorse in second-language acquisition literature to support the claim that intrins ic motivation is strongly connected to the outcomes of second-language learning. Harmer (2007) suggests, even where the original reason for taking up a language course, for example, is extrinsic, the chance of success will be greatly enhanced if the students come to love the learning process.According to Philips (2005) most Libyan students are extrinsically oriented. For example, all Libyan schools place a strong emphasis on tests, grades and competitiveness, all of which only serve to promote Libyan students extrinsic motivation. The students are only learning the second language to impress their parents and teachers rather than learning it because they love to do so.As a result, adult students who come to study in the UK have been extrinsically motivated to simply do enough to march on exams and get a well-paid job after graduating.Secondly, according to Locke Latham (1994 55) the theory of goal setting is based on the pattern that much human action is purposeful, because it is directed by conscious goals. This theory explains why some slew carry out tasks better than others those who are goal oriented perform better and achieve more. Garden (1985) states that there are two important formulas of goals goal mechanisms and goal attributes. Content and intensity are the most widely studied goal attributes. However, goal specificity and goal difficulty are aspects of content which are most researched. Dornyei (2005) states that commitment is the most commonly studied feature of intensity and this is the degree to which a person is attracted to the goal, considers it significant, is determined to achieve it, and sticks with it in the face of difficulties.Locke and Latham (1996 40) propose three direct mechanisms by which goals regulate performance Firstly, goals direct activity toward actions which are goal appropriate at the expense of actions that are inappropriate. Secondly, goals find expenditure in that individuals regulate their effort according to th e complexity level of the goal or task. Thirdly, goals influence the perseverance of action in situations where there are no time limits.Finally, Dornyei Ushioda (2009) define the attributional theory of motivation. This portrays human beings as scientists who are motivated to achieve a causal understanding of the world. These strivings for a causal explanation are supposed to have behavioural implications. In an achievement-related context, the chief sets of causes considered creditworthy for failure and success are effort, ability, luck and task characteristics. Weiner (1992) states that these are analysed along two dimensions stability and drop of control. The stability dimension contrasts ability and task difficulty, both of which are thought to be unchangeable, with effort and luck possibly changing on subsequent attempts to carry out a task. The lack of control aspect contrasts ability and effort (both internal factors) with task difficulty and luck (both external factors). In principle, individuals might attribute causes to any one of these four factors. Dont know if this is what you mean also not sure if its very clear, especially the bit about dimensions and the following couple of sentencesMotivation for Language Learning among Adult Libyan students in the UK submissive or Integrative?It has been established that individuals learn a second language in two main ways they are either instrumentally or integratively motivated. Among Libyan students, it would appear that instrumental motivation is more evident than integrative motivation and that teaching and learning for exams have dominated foreign language teaching in Libya. According to Philips (2005), in Libyan education, English is compulsory. The majority of Libyan language learners do not choose to learn English consequently, many lack the internal drive for learning English and they have to depend on external driving forces. Philips (2005) adds that because English is compulsory, students see it as a means of astir(p) their social standing. Moreover, the Libyan masses think that almost everything can be attained through hard work, even if they take no personal interest in it. So, it is not unusual that Libyan EFL students learn English to qualify for graduate and postgraduate education, to prepare themselves for the best future employment possible and to manner of walking exams all of which are external factors and which align with several collective social expectations.Johnson Krug (1980) believe integrative motivation to be more prevalent than instrumental motivation in the learning process, since without external influencing factors, the student becomes unmotivated to learn. This however is not the case in cross-cultural situations. Johnson Krug (1980) find that external driving forces, particularly those nurtured and back up by the exam system and curriculum in formal education, continue to motivate the Libyan EFL student.Many studies have looked at motivation in a Libyan context, and found that instrumental orientation is very common among Libyan EFL students. Kara (1992) maintains that 99% of Libyan students of English are only learning English for reasons of security motivation. Philips (2005) argues that most Libyan individuals learn English for utilitarian and patriotic reasons, for personal advancement as well as for national modernization and material gains. Libyan students are motivated to learn English because they believe that they will be financially better off in the future.InterviewThe aim of this short and semi-structured interview is to prove what has been shown through the research discussed above namely that adult Libyan students who come to study in the UK exhibit signs of instrumental orientation rather than integrative orientation when it comes to their English learning experiences. This researcher will examine the motivation behind second-language acquisition in an informal setting and will interview postgraduate Li byan students who are undertaking MA and PhD studies in the UK.Research QuestionsSeveral questions were considered important for the purposes of this research. These were as followsWhat has motivated Libyan students in the UK to learn English?Do you think it is important to learn English, and why?What was your reason for learning English in the UK?What are your attitudes towards British peck?And finally what work youll be doing in your country after graduating in the UK?Participants and Data Collection ProceduresTwo postgraduate Libyan students who are studying for degrees in the UK participated in this study. For both students, this was their first time in the UK and their first time in an English speaking country. Both respondents were found through my own social network and were friends of a friend. See further details in Table (1) below.NameGenderAgeCurrent subjectDuration of study in the UKMohammedMale26MA Medicines trey yearsLailaFemale29PhD TESOLFour yearsTable 1Data were co llected from both students separately and at different times. Both students had already been in the UK for 18 months. Each interview took approximately 30 minutes. Both students gave permission for their answers to be taped during the interviews.DiscussionBoth respondents believe that English is of great importance to their academic education in the UK. Both had come to study at a postgraduate level in the UK in order to remedy their course prospects and benefit financially upon graduating. As discussed before, these reasons show a distinct instrumental orientation in their motivation for learning English.Both respondents felt a current and urgent need to further cleanse their four skills reading, listening, speaking and writing of English despite their achievements in learning English in Libya before they came to the UK. Their experience of learning English in Libya involved particular training programs and / or formal instruction. This meant that they excelled at passing Engl ish exams rather than being able to converse in a practical way with English-speaking people. Having recognised that they might have some problems when they got to the UK, both respondents spent a year up(a) their knowledge of English before applying for their postgraduate courses. They also did this to assist them in their actual postgraduate work as both felt that they needed supererogatory language skills in order to cope with their studies. Mohammed said oral skills are important to me because they help me to communicate with people from different parts of the world and also help me in my academic degree. With strong oral skills I can cope more easily with academic activities such as communication or discussions with my supervisor, understanding seminars and talking to other students about their studies. Laila however, said (English) reading and writing skills are particularly significant when it comes to writing my thesis.It was obvious that both respondents tended to be mor e preoccupied with an instrumental orientation. Kara (1992) found that Libyas motivation for learning English is very job-oriented and certainly very pragmatic. Libyans learn English because learning English provides them with a sense of achievement and helps them secure better-paid jobs. For Mohammed, the practical aspects of the English language seemed to far outweigh the integrative dimension. He said Ill need English for my future career because I desire to work in the UK after graduating. My area of study is popular with the medical field in many countries, particularly in the UK. work in the UK will be more lucrative for me than working in Libya. However, he added that if I were to find a job as a doctor up and live in the UK, maybe I will have intrinsic goal orientations when it comes to learning English then because then I will want to be able to communicate with English people and have a deeper understanding of their community and culture so that I can integrate and adju st to the society.The second interviewee, Laila said Studying English is essential to me since without it, an individual cannot be successful in any respected field, and also for me, studying English can be significant because if I am skilled in English, others will respect me more. In addition, she said, In my country Libya, people who get a good degree in an English speaking country find it easier to find a well-paid job because my country lacks qualified English teachers in higher education. She also added I am interested in using the Internet as a communication tool to help me learn about people from different countries. It is also useful for finding information and learning materials in English.Both respondents had negative attitudes towards British people that they had met. They felt that British people were imperious, impatient and prejudiced. This could be considered further evidence of instrumental orientation. According to Dornyei Ushioda (2009), negative attitudes towar ds the target language community, may lead to a lack of interest in interacting with the people of the target language. Mohammed had experience of being treated rudely and impatiently by an English person when he had asked for directions. Having had this experience, he was less willing to interact with English people in case it happened again.Laila said my English landlord treated me less favourably in the allocation of rooms than English tenants who shared the same house. This is a mournful example of a negative experience as a result of Lailas aspiration towards integrative motivation. Laila felt that her landlord was prejudiced against individuals from developing countries. She too has had negative experiences when nerve-wracking to interact with ordinary British people in the street. Laila asked a woman for some directions to the coach station and this woman not only ignored the question but also walked quickly away. As a result, Laila has felt frustrated by some British peopl e who she found to be very arrogant and would have preferred to avoid.Both respondents, despite their negative attitudes toward English people, felt that they were more successful in learning English in the UK than at home. Johnson Krug (1980) suggest that people who rated foreign people negatively were more successful than those who rated them positively and that the expression of negative feeling towards them only spurred them on to overcome and manipulate the people of the target language.Finally, both respondents were able to agree that their motivational goals with regard to learning English were instrumental. Both said that they hoped to get better-paid jobs after graduating and English skills were part of this overall plan.In summary, the interview process has shown that both Libyans were highly motivated to learn English and that they had a higher degree of instrumental motivation than integrative motivation.According to Pintrich (1989) and from his cognitive perspective, the data would indicate that both respondents exhibited extrinsic goal orientations. Both believed that learning English would assist them in their postgraduate studies, enhance their career prospects, improve their English interactions and communications and assist them in integrating into British communities. In other words, learning English was seen to improve their quality of life in the UK. resultMotivation is one of the most significant factors influencing learners second-language proficiency and achievement. Libyan students show signs of being instrumentally motivated rather than integratively motivated. In order to illustrate this, an interview was set up to investigate motivation to learn English among Libyan postgraduate students. Data gathered during the interviews supported the theory that they had been motivated to learn out of the dogma in the instrumental or extrinsic value of English, primarily for their studies and future career prospects. Some research showed that current English teaching methods in Libya are targeted towards achieving good grades rather than promoting proficiency. Whilst many Libyan students do well in the English exams in Libya, their ability to use English in an English-speaking environment on a day-to-day basis remains limited. It has been shown that instrumentally motivated EFL students in Libya learn English to increase their employment prospects, increase their salary expectations and for social advancement. Instrumental motivation is maintained through the exam system and its attendant teaching environment.Classroom implicationsAccording to Dornyei and Csizer (2001), teachers play an important role in maximizing students motivation to learn a second language in the classroom. To this end, there are some teaching and learning strategies, which could be employed in the English-learning classroom.Firstly, Dornyei and Csizer (2001) suggest that teachers should administrate with the traditional teacher-centered teaching methods and instead encourage students to use their initiative. English could be introduced using multi-media examples such as music, film, TV and literature. Once their interest is induced, students will be motivated to take part in classroom activities and so attain the goal of language learning. Teachers need to take on many roles cooperator, organizer, informant, initiator, guide, participant and advisor. A learner-centered class is a successful class with learners playing the dominant role. Learner-centered dynamic classrooms can help learners to make progress and encourage them to practise the second language.Secondly, Dornyei (2001) states that teachers should pass water a relaxed atmosphere in the classroom because a tense atmosphere can cause anxiety amongst learners and this hinders their motivation and effectiveness in a foreign language. Additionally, teachers should choose teaching materials that are appropriate for the learners and that create a desire for learning. Authentic and interesting teaching materials enable learners to improve their verbal and oral communication skills in real-life situations.Thirdly, Dornyei (2001) adds that teachers should increase self-confidence among students of English through encouragement rather than scolding or criticising.Finally, Dornyei and Csizer (1998) assert that a teacher can increase students natural curiosity towards the English community and its culture by discussing things like geography, history, lifestyle, political matters, day-to-day living and using written, audio and visual information. Drawing upon the experience of students who have visited English-speaking countries is also a clever way to introduce interesting information. Teachers should help students to realize that they are not just learning English to pass exams. Students should look upon the exercise as a means of learning about other cultures, people and societies. Teachers of English should cultivate positive attitudes among their students towards English speaking people and cultures, thereby promoting integrative motivation for learning English.Check the spellings of the researchers names you quote there were several inconsistencies which Ive corrected (after sort outing in google) but you might like to check that they are indeed spelled correctly.

The Summerhouse by Jude Deveraux :: essays research papers

The SummerhouseThe Main Characters Leslie Headrick A stubborn housewife and mother of one boy and one girl. Living in Columbus, Ohio. She used to be a dancer.Ellie Abbott A famous go around selling novelist. She grew tired of supporting her husband they had a divorce and he took all her money. Ellie sees a therapist Jeanne who came up with the plan for the three best friends to spend their 40th birthday with each other in a summerhouse (Jeannes Summerhouse) in Maine.capital of Wisconsin Appleby capital of Wisconsin used to be a model but dropped her modeling career to help her high school boyfriend recover from an accident.Plot Three best friends Leslie, Ellie, and Madison with the same birthday meet each other in a DMV office in New York. There they shared their noncurrent secrets and hopes for the proximo with each other also on that day they shared their 21st birthday with each other. After that they went their separate ways. Nineteen years later Madison and Leslie received an invitation from Ellie. The invitation was for the three of them to spend a long weekend in a summerhouse in a tiny town in Main. During their repose in Maine they bought gifts to celebrate their birthday and souvenirs. In the items they bought they each found a card from a Madame Zoya offering them the chance of a lifetime to relive all three weeks from the past. When they went to the Madame Zoya she took a picture of them and then each of them decided for themselves as they fallow their dreams that got away. Each chooses the life that will truly satisfy the longings the live doubtful inside their hearts. When they return they have a choice. If they did not like the life they choose they could stick with their old life and still know everything that happened or they could go with their new like and erase everything they know or still know everything that happened. Madison went back to October 9, 1981 because she wanted to pursue her modeling career. Ellie went back three years, vii months, and two weeks ago because she would have like to return earlier so shed have more time to gather evidence. Leslie went back to April of 1980, the year in the first place she graduated college, because she wanted to meet a boy she hadnt see in twenty years. After they all spent their three weeks in the past they choose which life they would like and wheatear or not they wanted to remember their old or new life.

Autism :: Disorder Genes Autism Essays

Autism Autism is a complex developmental disability that typically appears during the first three years of life. This is the result of a neurological sickness that affects the functioning of the brain. Autism is four more times prevalent in boys than girls. Autism shows no racial, ethnic or social boundaries. Family income, lifestyle and educational levels do not affect the adventure of autisms occurrence. Autism and its associated behaviors have been estimated to occur in as m any(prenominal) and one in 500 individuals. In this essay, I will discuss the signs and symptoms of autism, types of autism, the diagnosis of autism and studies done on autism. Autism affects the normal development of the brain in the areas of social interaction and conversation skills. Children and adults with autism have difficulties in verbal and non-verbal communication, social interactions and leisure or play activities. This disorder makes it hard for them to relate to the outside world. It is hard f or them to communicate with others. Aggressive and/or self-injurious behavior may be present in some cases. They may face repeated body movement, such as hand flapping or rocking, unusual responses to people or attachments to objects and resistance to changes in routines. They possibly will attend sensitivities in the five senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell. Children will be within the pervasive development until the ages of 24-30 months, when parents may notice delays in language, play or social interaction. If any of these symptoms occur by themselves, that would not result in a diagnosis of autism. Autism is a combination of several developmental challenges. There are many another(prenominal) symptoms of autism. They include extreme difficulty in learning language, inappropriate response to people, avoiding eye contact, resisting being picked up or cuddled, uncooperative play with other children, extreme hyperactivity and many others. There are five major areas in children highly affected by autism. They are communication, social interaction, sensory impairment, play and behavior. Every person with autism has a unique personality and combination of characteristics. Some autistic people mildly affected may exhibit only slight delays in language and communication and greater challenges with social interactions. The abilities of an autistic child may fluctuate from day to day due to difficulties in processing, concentration or anxiety. They may show inference of learning one day, but not the next. Learning can be affected by external stimuli and anxiety. They may have average or in a higher place average verbal, memory or spatial skills but find it difficult to be imaginative or join in activities with others.